summary
Deployment Is the most commonly used Kubernetes native Workload As one of the resources, when we first try to use Kubernetes, the high probability starts from running a deployment type workload. Today, we plan to divide into several parts to deeply analyze the deployment resources and the deployment controller from the aspects of deployment feature introduction and source code analysis.
Everyone is familiar with the basic features of Deployment. Therefore, we do not plan to repeat all the functional details of Deployment in this article. Instead, we will start with the features that are not too basic, such as rolling update, to see what gameplay Deployment supports, so as to prepare for the later analysis of the source code.
Deployment Foundation
Let's create a simple Deployment and look at some small details.
Create Deployment
Taking running nginx as an example, we can use Deployment to pull up the nginx load of a 3-copy: nginx DP
- nginx-dp.yaml
1apiVersion: apps/v1 2kind: Deployment 3metadata: 4 name: nginx-dp 5 labels: 6 app: nginx 7spec: 8 replicas: 3 9 selector: 10 matchLabels: 11 app: nginx 12 template: 13 metadata: 14 labels: 15 app: nginx 16 spec: 17 containers: 18 - name: nginx 19 image: nginx:1.14.2 20 ports: 21 - containerPort: 80
adopt kubectl create -f nginx-dp.yaml We can create this Deployment resource.
1# kubectl create -f nginx-dp.yaml 2deployment.apps/nginx-dp created 3# kubectl get deploy 4NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE 5nginx-dp 1/3 3 1 3s 6# kubectl get deploy 7NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE 8nginx-dp 3/3 3 3 10s
Wait a minute, you can pass kubectl get deploy The command sees that all pods are up. Here, pay attention to the meaning of the output field (needless to say NAME and AGE):
- UP-TO-DATE: how many copies have been updated to the desired state
- AVAILABLE: how many copies are already AVAILABLE
- READY: number of replicas that can be served / expected number of replicas
ReplicaSet
- Query ReplicaSet
1# kubectl get rs --selector=app=nginx 2NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE 3nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 3 3 3 9m54s
After creating the Deployment, we can see that there is an additional ReplicaSet resource in the cluster, that is, the Deployment actually manages the ReplicaSet rather than the Pod directly. Let's continue to look at the definition of the ReplicaSet to verify this idea:
1# kubectl get rs nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 -o yaml 2apiVersion: apps/v1 3kind: ReplicaSet 4// ...... 5 ownerReferences: 6 - apiVersion: apps/v1 7 blockOwnerDeletion: true 8 controller: true 9 kind: Deployment 10 name: nginx-dp 11 uid: 97736b65-0171-4916-bb18-feccc343ac14 12 resourceVersion: "1099157" 13 uid: 83ac5660-28eb-4d40-beb1-cb5ceb6928b6 14// ......
Here you can see that the ReplicaSet belongs to the nginx DP resource of Deployment type. In the same way, you can see that the corresponding Pod is managed by ReplicaSet.
Here, we can guess Deployment Controller According to the implementation principle of, it can be imagined that it indirectly completes the management of Pod life cycle by managing the life cycle of ReplicaSet and with the help of the capabilities provided by ReplicaSet Controller; In addition, you can create multiple ReplicaSet resources and control the number of copies to realize operations such as rolling update and rollback. In this way, the implementation logic of the deployment controller is relatively "high-level".
Rolling update
- adopt kubectl set Command to update the mirror:
1# kubectl set image deployment/nginx-dp nginx=nginx:1.16.1 2deployment.apps/nginx-dp image updated
- View Event
1# kubectl describe deploy nginx-dp 2// ...... 3 4Events: 5 Type Reason Age From Message 6 ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- 7 Normal ScalingReplicaSet 26m deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 to 3 8 Normal ScalingReplicaSet 88s deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-dp-559d658b74 to 1 9 Normal ScalingReplicaSet 87s deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 to 2 10 Normal ScalingReplicaSet 87s deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-dp-559d658b74 to 2 11 Normal ScalingReplicaSet 86s deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 to 1 12 Normal ScalingReplicaSet 86s deployment-controller Scaled up replica set nginx-dp-559d658b74 to 3 13 Normal ScalingReplicaSet 84s deployment-controller Scaled down replica set nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 to 0
From the Event, it can be seen that the deployment controller has completed this rolling update by adjusting the number of replicas of ReplicaSet resources nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 and nginx-dp-559d658b74. First look at these two replicasets:
1# kubectl get rs --selector=app=nginx 2NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE 3nginx-dp-559d658b74 3 3 3 134m 4nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 0 0 0 159m
You can see that at this time, an nginx-dp-559d658b74 is added, the number of copies is 3, and the old nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 becomes a 0 copy. The process is roughly as follows:
- Nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 to 3 / replica set nginx-dp-559d658b74 to 1 - > add a replica to 1 for new rs; Total 4 copies
- Scaled down replica set nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 to 2 - > reduce one replica of the old rs to 2; Total 3 copies
- Scaled up replica set nginx-dp-559d658b74 to 2 - > add a replica to 2 for new rs; Total 4 copies
- Scaled down replica set nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 to 1 - > old rs reduces one replica to 1; Total 3 copies
- Scaled up replica set nginx-dp-559d658b74 to 3 - > add a replica to 3; Total 4 copies
- Scaled down replica set nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 to 0 - > reduce one replica of the old rs to 0; Total 3 copies
Failed rollback
Historical version
Let's first look at how to query the update history:
1# kubectl rollout history deployments/nginx-dp 2deployment.apps/nginx-dp 3REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE 41 <none> 52 <none>
You can see a detail here. Change-case is empty. In fact, this field is from kubernetes.io/change-cause Let's add a note to try:
1kubectl annotate deployment/nginx-dp kubernetes.io/change-cause="image updated to 1.16.1"
Check again:
1# kubectl rollout history deployments/nginx-dp 2deployment.apps/nginx-dp 3REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE 41 <none> 52 image updated to 1.16.1
What about the first version? It can be guessed here that the change-case information of multiple versions should be stored. This annotation should be used in the ReplicaSet, so we try to supplement the annotation of the first version in this way:
1kubectl annotate rs/nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 kubernetes.io/change-cause="nginx deployment created"
Check again:
1# kubectl rollout history deployments/nginx-dp 2deployment.apps/nginx-dp 3REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE 41 nginx deployment created 52 image updated to 1.16.1
Now it's more harmonious. You need to specify that you don't get lost when rolling back the version.
RollBACK
- Set a nonexistent image version to simulate the update failure scenario:
1# kubectl set image deployment/nginx-dp nginx=nginx:1.161 2deployment.apps/nginx-dp image updated 3# kubectl get rs --selector=app=nginx 4NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE 5nginx-dp-559d658b74 3 3 3 168m 6nginx-dp-66b6c48dd5 0 0 0 3h13m 7nginx-dp-66bc5d6c8 1 1 0 6s 8# kubectl get pod --selector=app=nginx 9NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE 10nginx-dp-559d658b74-l4bq7 1/1 Running 0 170m 11nginx-dp-559d658b74-qhh8m 1/1 Running 0 170m 12nginx-dp-559d658b74-vbtl5 1/1 Running 0 170m 13nginx-dp-66bc5d6c8-tl848 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 2m2s
- Set a comment:
1# kubectl annotate deployment/nginx-dp kubernetes.io/change-cause="image updated to 1.161" 2deployment.apps/nginx-dp annotated 3# kubectl rollout history deployments/nginx-dp 4deployment.apps/nginx-dp 5REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE 61 nginx deployment created 72 image updated to 1.16.1 83 image updated to 1.161
- Rollback to revision 2:
1# kubectl rollout undo deployment/nginx-dp 2deployment.apps/nginx-dp rolled back 3# kubectl rollout history deployments/nginx-dp 4deployment.apps/nginx-dp 5REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE 61 nginx deployment created 73 image updated to 1.161 84 image updated to 1.16.1
At this time, version 2 becomes the latest version: 4
- To view the detailed configuration of a version:
1# kubectl rollout history deployments/nginx-dp --revision=1 2deployment.apps/nginx-dp with revision #1 3Pod Template: 4 Labels: app=nginx 5 pod-template-hash=66b6c48dd5 6 Annotations: kubernetes.io/change-cause: nginx deployment created 7 Containers: 8 nginx: 9 Image: nginx:1.14.2 10 Port: 80/TCP 11 Host Port: 0/TCP 12 Environment: <none> 13 Mounts: <none> 14 Volumes: <none>
- Specify version rollback:
1# kubectl rollout undo deployment/nginx-dp --to-revision=1 2deployment.apps/nginx-dp rolled back 3# kubectl rollout history deployments/nginx-dp 4deployment.apps/nginx-dp 5REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE 63 image updated to 1.161 74 image updated to 1.16.1 85 nginx deployment created
Other features
Finally, let's look at all the properties of the Deployment type spec:
- minReadySeconds: the default value is 0, indicating how long services can be provided after a pod delay; In other words, 1 is configured as pod ready, and the service is not provided until 1s later;
- paused: suspended;
- progressDeadlineSeconds: 600 by default, indicating the timeout for processing a Deployment task. For example, if the upgrade is not successful after 10 minutes, it is marked as failed;
- Replicas: number of replicas;
- revisionHistoryLimit: the default value is 10, indicating the number of historical versions retained;
- Selector: label selector;
- Strategy: indicates the replacement strategy when the Deployment updates the pod;
- template: Pod Formwork;
there strategy There are two attributes: type and RollingUpdate. The optional values of type are "Recreate" and "RollingUpdate". The default is "RollingUpdate". strategy.rollingUpdate has two properties:
- maxSurge: indicates that the maximum number of copies can be more than the expected number of copies during rolling update. The number or percentage configuration is OK; For example, 1 means that at most one copy can be added at the same time during the update process, and then one new copy can be added only after an old copy is deleted; When calculating the percentage, round it up;
- maxUnavailable: indicates how many copies can be unavailable during rolling update, which is also a digital or percentage configuration; For example, if the expected number of replicas is 3, 1 means that you can delete up to the remaining 2, and then you can continue to delete until a new replica is created; Rounding down when calculating the percentage;
Summary
The purpose of this article is to know all the features of Deployment, so as to prepare for the later source code analysis. In this process, we do not repeat the basic features of Deployment, but mainly introduce the main functions such as "rolling update" and "rollback". In addition, we briefly talk about the full configuration items contained in the spec of Deployment, so as to have a concept in mind and know where the capability boundary of Deployment is, so that we can be more targeted when looking at the source code later.