linux system directory structure

Ordinary computer Xiaobai is not used to directly switching from Window operating system to Linux operating system for a time. The familiar mouse clicks are gone, simultaneous interpreting the use of various commands, just like the legendary hackers.

 

Since many programming bosses have invested in Linux, you must be eager to invest in Linux. But the road has to go step by step. Start with the simplest file directory for Linux. As for how to build a Linux operating system, I believe you must have a way.

 

Next, start to carefully understand the file directory of the Linux operating system (what, you don't have a Linux operating system yet??? That doesn't affect your learning (whoring) from the bottom


(I use the Linux operating system as a remote server)

mr_zhou@192 ~ % ssh root@39.108.135.218
Welcome to Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.4.0-47-generic x86_64)


 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com
 * Management:     https://landscape.canonical.com
 * Support:        https://ubuntu.com/advantage

Welcome to Alibaba Cloud Elastic Compute Service !


Last login: Sun Oct 31 17:52:40 2021 from 58.61.51.97
root@iZwz97xz5ndfb3m44fxpr2Z:~#


After entering the Linux operating system, your mouse suddenly disappeared, but this series of prompts. First, you need to find out what this means.

root@iZwz97xz5ndfb3m44fxpr2Z:~#
  • First, root is the current user. Use the whoami command to query the current user. Root has the maximum authority. As for the authority, it can intervene in a real operating system.
  • iZwz97xz5ndfb3m44fxpr2Z this long string is the host name. Use the hostname command to query the host name of course. If you think it is too ugly, you can modify it. Use the command 'hostname to modify the host name' to modify it.
  • ~ this is the meaning of the path. Do you think it's strange that the path can have a tilde? Yes, it is. Use the pwd command to view the current path.

(the following is a command demonstration)

root@iZwz97xz5ndfb3m44fxpr2Z:~# whoami
root
root@iZwz97xz5ndfb3m44fxpr2Z:~# hostname
iZwz97xz5ndfb3m44fxpr2Z
root@iZwz97xz5ndfb3m44fxpr2Z:~# hostname xiaozhou
root@iZwz97xz5ndfb3m44fxpr2Z:~# su
root@xiaozhou:~# pwd
/root
root@xiaozhou:~#


 

 

Understanding the directory structure of the entire Linux file system and the functions of each directory is the most critical step in learning Linux. The root directory (/) of the Linux system is the most important (none of them), for the following two reasons:

  • All directories are derived from the root directory;
  • The root directory is closely related to the startup, repair and restore of the system;

Since the system needs specific startup software, core files, programs required for startup, function libraries and other file data when starting up, if the system has errors, the root directory must also contain programs that can repair the file system. (because the root directory is so important, the FHS requires that the root directory should not be placed in a very large partition, because the larger the partition, the more data you will put, so the partition where the root directory is located may have more opportunities for errors.)

 

The following is the Linux file system. We can see that the root directory has independent partitions.

root@iZwz97xz5ndfb3m44fxpr2Z:~# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
udev              936552       0    936552   0% /dev
tmpfs             192956     680    192276   1% /run
/dev/vda1       61795304 8271104  50781704  15% /
tmpfs             964772       0    964772   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs               5120       0      5120   0% /run/lock
tmpfs             964772       0    964772   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs             192952       0    192952   0% /run/user/0

This is the operating system of MacOS, and the root directory is also stored in a separate partition

mr_zhou@192 ~ % df
Filesystem     512-blocks      Used Available Capacity iused      ifree %iused  Mounted on
/dev/disk3s1s1  478724992  38839968 207669072    16%  568975 2393055985    0%   /
devfs                 705       705         0   100%    1220          0  100%   /dev
/dev/disk3s6    478724992   2097192 207669072     1%       1 2393624959    0%   /System/Volumes/VM
/dev/disk3s2    478724992    477192 207669072     1%     182 2393624778    0%   /System/Volumes/Preboot
/dev/disk3s4    478724992   1180160 207669072     1%     192 2393624768    0%   /System/Volumes/Update
/dev/disk1s2      1024000     12328    986872     2%       3    5119997    0%   /System/Volumes/xarts
/dev/disk1s1      1024000     14456    986872     2%      39    5119961    0%   /System/Volumes/iSCPreboot
/dev/disk1s3      1024000       624    986872     1%      30    5119970    0%   /System/Volumes/Hardware
/dev/disk3s5    478724992 224418544 207669072    52% 1277436 2392347524    0%   /System/Volumes/Data
map auto_home           0         0         0   100%       0          0  100%   /System/Volumes/Data/home
/dev/disk2s1     10485672   1923008   8524056    19%      30   52428330    0%   /System/Volumes/Update/SFR/mnt1
/dev/disk3s1    478724992  38839968 207669072    16%  500193 2393124767    0%   /System/Volumes/Update/mnt1

Let's take a look at the functions of various Linux directories.

                 

  • /Root directory

cataloguedescribe
/The root of the first hierarchy and the root directory of the entire file system hierarchy.
/binAvailable necessary commands (executable files) for all users, such as cat, ls, cp, and / usr/bin directory.
/bootBootstrap files, such as kernel and initrd, are often a separate partition
/devNecessary devices, such as: dev/null, / dev/random
/etcConfiguration files within a specific host system. Used to store configuration files in the system. Basically all configuration files can be found here.
/procThe virtual file system archives the kernel and process status as text files (the system information is stored in this directory). The files in this directory can only be viewed and cannot be changed (including root)
/homeThe user's home directory, including saved files, personal settings, etc., is generally a separate partition.
/rootThe home directory of super users is generally represented by ~
/usrThe default software will be stored in this directory. It is used to store the second level of read-only user data; it contains most (multi) user tools and applications.
/lost+foundWhen the system crashes or the machine shuts down unexpectedly, some file fragments will be generated here. When the system starts up, fsck tool will check this folder and repair the damaged file system.
/varVariable files, files whose contents are constantly changing in a normal operating system, such as logs, offline files and temporary e-mail files.
  • /usr directory
  • /The function of the usr directory is that the default software of the system will be placed under / usr. This directory is somewhat similar to the combination of C:/windows or C:/Program file under windows
Table of contents | descriptionTable of contents | description
/usr/include/usr/include | used to store header files required for developing and compiling applications under Linux;
/usr/lib/usr/lib | stores some commonly used dynamic link shared libraries and static archives
/usr/sbin/usr/sbin | unnecessary system binaries, such as daemons for a large number of network services
/usr/share/usr/share | architecture independent (shared) data
/usr/src/usr/src | source code, such as kernel source code and its header file
/usr/bin/usr/bin | non essential executable (not required in single user mode); for all users.
/usr/local/usr/local | the third level of local data, which is specific to the host. Generally speaking, there are further subdirectories, such as bin /, lib /, share /. This is the / usr directory provided to general users, where general application software is installed
  • /etc directory
  • /etc is used to store configuration files in the system. Basically, all configuration files can be found here.
Catalogue|describe
/etc/init.d/Store system startup script
/etc/cron.hourly/The executable files in this directory are executed every hour
/etc/cron.daily/The executable files in this directory are executed once a day
/etc/cron.weekly/The executable files in this directory are executed once a week
/etc/cron.monthly/  The executable files in this directory are executed once a month
/etc/passwdOne line of record corresponds to a user information. User name: Password: user ID: group ID: annotative Description: Home Directory: login Shell
/etc/groupSimilar to the passwd file, it describes not users but groups. Group name: Password: GID: list of users in the user group.
/etc/fstabThe system will be automatically mounted after startup, and all partitions will be automatically mounted after startup
/etc/hostsLocal domain name resolution file
/etc/profileGlobal system environment configuration variables
/etc/issuePrompt before each terminal login
/etc/issue.netPrompt before telnet remote login
/etc/motdPrompt after successful login (cool style can be customized)

  • /proc directory
  • The function of proc directory is: proc file system is a pseudo file system, which only exists in memory and does not occupy external memory space. Because the system information, such as processes, changes dynamically, when users or applications read proc files, the proc file system dynamically reads the required information from the system kernel and submits it.
Catalogue|describe
/proc/meminfo  View memory information
/proc/uptimeuptime command. Check how long the server has been running, how many users are currently logged in, and the average system load of the server in the past 1 minute, 5 minutes and 15 minutes
/proc/cpuinfocpu processor related parameters
/proc/filesystem  Currently loaded file system
/proc/diskstatsDisk status
/proc/statcpu status and process status. cpu utilization is calculated from this file
/proc/versionCore version
/proc/mountsSystem mounted data, mount command
/proc/modules  List of modules loaded by linux
/proc / digitalProcess information
  • /dev directory
  • /The dev directory is a device that the system uses or can use. In Linux, everything is regarded as a file, so the hard disk is saved there as a file. If you are using an IDE hard disk (not SCSI), the hard disk will be called / dev/hda.
Catalogue|describe
/dev/tty[0-63]Virtual terminal
/dev/ttyS[0-3]Serial port
/dev/loop[0-7]Local loopback equipment
/dev/lp[0-3]Parallel port
/dev/nullInfinite data receiving device, equivalent to a black hole
/dev/zeroInfinite zero resources
/dev/randomRandom number device
/dev/urandomRandom number device
/dev/stderr-> /proc/self/fd/2
/dev/stdout-> /proc/self/fd/1
/dev/stdin-> /proc/self/fd/0

Through the above, I have a general understanding of the directory structure of Linux. Having a Linux operating system device is the next priority. You can first focus on my VX official account (the same name), install the familiar system environment, or continue to wait for my next article to bring you Linux environment installation.
 

Tags: C C++ Linux ssh Ubuntu

Posted on Sun, 31 Oct 2021 10:43:20 -0400 by teege84