Object oriented Foundation

  Process oriented and object-oriented

Process oriented
  • Write code from top to bottom according to business logic
  • This is what we learned at the beginning. Write code according to the problem-solving steps [according to business logic] - when thinking about the problem, first analyze "how to implement according to the steps", then disassemble the problem-solving into several steps, implement the corresponding methods of these steps step by step, and finally complete the function
  • How to do [car washing: a series of steps for car washing]
  • Deficiency: there is no more time and energy to consider other things. Process oriented is not suitable for large projects
object-oriented
  • OOP (object oriented programming): it is a python programming idea, which focuses on the design thinking
  • Who will do [car washing: find a car wash shop to pay for car washing]
  • Object oriented is suitable for larger projects

Class, object

Class: having a set of the same or phase   A series of objects with characteristics (attributes) and behaviors (Methods). That is, a template, in which multiple functions can be included, and some functions can be realized in the functions.

Real worldComputer world
behaviormethod
featuresattribute

Object: it is a real thing. The instantiation (visualization) of a class is based on the instance created by the template. The functions in the class can be executed through the instance object.

  • Class is the abstraction of object, and object is the instantiation of class
  • Class is equivalent to a drawing for manufacturing a car, and the car manufactured by the drawing is equivalent to an object
  • Class composition structure: class name, class properties, and class methods   

Define classes and objects

  • Instance method: within the class, you can define an instance method using the def keyword. The first parameter is self           
  • Different from the general function definition, the class method must contain the parameter self (it's a keyword, it doesn't matter what it is, but it must have),   For example, eat and run in class Person
  • Methods of a class are owned by instances of the class
  • Class attribute: the attribute inside the class and outside the method
  • Class attributes are most common attributes, such as cat hair. However, there may be special parts and attributes that are different. For example, for hairless cats, class attributes cannot be used and instance attributes are required
  • Instance attribute: the attribute referenced by [variable name similar to self. Variable name] defined inside the method is called instance attribute
  • If there is an instance method, there will be an instance attribute. The instance attribute belongs to the instance method [_init_ function]
class Person:   #Class name -- initial capital is recommended
    '''
    Attribute of class: corresponding to human characteristics
    '''
    name='Xiao Ming'        #Class properties
    age=20          #Class properties
    '''
    Class method [instance method]: the behavior of the corresponding person    
    '''
    def __init__(self):
        self.height=187         #height is an instance attribute. Do not use the same name as the class attribute
        pass

    def eat(self):   #behavior
        print("A big meal")   
        pass
    def run(self):
        print("Run fast")        #Example method
        pass
xm=Person()        #Create an object: Xiao Ming
xm.eat()         # Call instance method (behavior of class)
xm.run()
print('{}What is your age{},Height is{}'.format(xm.name,xm.age,xm.height))     #Access the properties of the class

Magic method:__ init__ method

__ init__ Method is an initialization method. It is called automatically when instantiating an object to complete some initialization settings.

class People():         #Define a simple class without defining class properties
    def __init__(self,name,sex,age):      #The parameter information in parentheses is given when creating the object
        self.name=name    #The initial value of the instance property becomes a parameter
        self.sex=sex
        self.age=age
        pass
    '''
    Example method: eating behavior
    '''
    def eat(self,food):    #self is equivalent to the created instance object itself. The food parameter needs to be given when calling the eat function
        print(self.name+'Like to eat'+food)
       #print('{} likes to eat {}'. format(self.name,food))
    pass

zp=People('Peng Zhang','male',19)       #Create an object zp and give the data required by the parameters in the instance properties
print(zp.name,zp.age,zp.sex)    #Print the properties of the object zp
zp.eat('Banana')                  #When calling the instance method, you need to give the data of the parameter food of the instance method eat -- banana

lh=People('Li Hui','male',27)
print(lh.name,lh.age,lh.sex)
lh.eat('a mandarin orange')

xh=People('floret','female',38)
print(xh.name,xh.age,xh.sex)
xh.eat('Durian')

Summary [_ init method]:

  • Built in functions of python   Magic method with special functions wrapped with double underscores
  • It is an initialization method, which is mainly used to define some instance properties and initialization data. It is called automatically when creating an object without manual call
  • Using its parameter passing mechanism can make our definition more powerful and convenient  

  self understanding

  • Self is the same memory address as the object. It can be considered that self is the reference of the object - self represents the instance object itself
class Person:
    def __init__(self,pro):   #There are two parameters. The second parameter is given when the object is created
        self.pro=pro      #Definition of instance properties
        pass
    def eat(self,name,food):    #It can be self or others
        # print('self=%s'%id(self))
        print('%s Like to eat%s,Major is%s'%(name,food,self.pro))
        pass
    pass
xm=Person('Psychology')    #Create an instance object. The parameters are_ init_  Parameters in
#print('address of object xm {} '. format(id(xm)))
# Memory address of self in instance method = memory address of instance object
# self represents the instance object itself,
xm.eat('Xiao Wang','Durian')    #If there is only one parameter of self in the defined instance method, you do not need to pass any parameters when calling (self represents the object), you can call it directly

  Summary [self features]:

  • self is meaningful only when the instance method is defined in the class. When calling, the interpreter does not need to pass in the corresponding parameters, but automatically points to the created object
  • The name of self can be changed and can be defined as other names, but the conventional definition is self
  • self refers to the class instance object itself, which is equivalent to this in java

  Magic method:__ str__ method

If not used__ str__ Method, we print the object directly, and the output result only inherits information similar to id address, such as print object xm:

print(xm) # output<__ main__. Person object at 0x000001B355BFD180>

  Use__ str__ Method, you can output specific contents. The usage method is as follows [see below for details]:

# Used as an instance method in a class
def __str__(self):  
    return '%s Like to eat%s,Major is%s'%(self.name,self.food,self.pro)
pass

#You must have a return

Magic method:__ new__ method

In the new magic method, if used in the class:

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print('----new Function execution-----')
        #Do not write return object__ new__ (cls)

#Output:
----new Function execution-----      #The new function was executed
None           #However, if the init function is not executed, the object is not created successfully

Full code:

class Person:
    def __init__(self,pro,name,food):   #There are two parameters. The second parameter is given when the object is created
        '''

        :param pro:major
        :param name: full name
        :param food: food
        '''
        self.pro=pro      #Definition of instance properties
        self.name=name
        self.food=food
        print('------init Function execution----')
        pass
    '''
    Define class
    '''

    def eat(self):    #It can be self or others
        '''
        Example method
        :return:
        '''
        # print('self=%s'%id(self))
        print('%s Like to eat%s,Major is%s'%(self.name,self.food,self.pro))
        pass
    def __str__(self):   #Magic method: when directly outputting the object, you can output the content, not the address
        '''
        Print object custom object is in content format, not in memory address format
        :return:
        '''
        return '%s Like to eat%s,Major is%s'%(self.name,self.food,self.pro)
    pass
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        '''
        Each time a method that creates an object instance is called, a new object is generated cls namely class Abbreviation of

        Scenario: you can control some attributes of the created object, which are often used in singleton mode
        :param args:
        :param kwargs:
        '''
        print('----new Function execution-----')
        return object.__new__(cls)   #Create an object (in cls class) and return it to init function [must have return]
xm=Person('Psychology','Xiao Ming','Durian')    #Create an instance object. The parameters are_ init_  Parameters in
print(xm)     #Direct output object (content format). If not_ str_ Instance method, the direct output is the address

#Output:
----new Function execution-----
------init Function execution----
Xiao Ming likes to eat durian. His major is psychology

 __ new__ and  __ init__ Difference between functions

  • __ new__   Class instantiation method: the instance must be returned, otherwise the object creation will not succeed
  • __ init__ It is used to initialize data attributes. It can also be regarded as the construction method of instances. It receives the instance self of the class and constructs it
  • __ new__ At least one parameter must be cls, which represents the class to be instantiated. This parameter is automatically provided by the python interpreter when instantiating, and does not need to be considered as
  • __ new__ Function executed before__ init__ function

Tags: Python

Posted on Sat, 06 Nov 2021 19:04:37 -0400 by PromInc