[experience sharing] the asterisk (*) that Python beginners must know is not understood by 90%

Operator of multiplication or power

You must be familiar with this. Like multiplication, Python also has a built-in multiplier operator.

>>> 2 * 3 6 >>> 2 ** 3 8 >>> 1.414 * 1.414 1.9993959999999997 >>> 1.414 ** 1.414 1.6320575353248798

Container element of duplicate class list

Python also supports the multiplication of container class objects (i.e. sequences) of class lists by integers, that is, the number of elements repeated by integer implementation.

# Initialize the zero-valued list with 100 length zeros_list = [0] * 100 # Declare the zero-valued tuple with 100 length zeros_tuple = (0,) * 100 # Extending the "vector_list" by 3 times vector_list = [[1, 2, 3]] for i, vector in enumerate(vector_list * 3): print(" scalar product of vector: ".format((i + 1), [(i + 1) * e for e in vector])) # 1 scalar product of vector: [1, 2, 3] # 2 scalar product of vector: [2, 4, 6] # 3 scalar product of vector: [3, 6, 9]

Parameter collection

In many functions, there are uncertain parameters. For example, if we don't know how many parameters to provide, or why we have to pass any parameters, etc.

In Python, there are two types of parameters, one is the location parameter, the other is the keyword parameter. The former determines the corresponding value according to the location, and the latter is determined according to the parameter name.

Before studying any position / keyword parameter, we first discuss how to determine the number of position parameters and keyword parameters.

What I don't know in the learning process can add to me python study qun，855408893 //There are good learning video tutorials, development tools and e-books in the group. //Share with you the current talent needs of python enterprises and how to learn python from scratch, and what to learn # A function that shows the results of running competitions consisting of 2 to 4 runners. def save_ranking(first, second, third=None, fourth=None): rank = {} rank[1], rank[2] = first, second rank[3] = third if third is not None else 'Nobody' rank[4] = fourth if fourth is not None else 'Nobody' print(rank) # Pass the 2 positional arguments save_ranking('ming', 'alice') # Pass the 2 positional arguments and 1 keyword argument save_ranking('alice', 'ming', third='mike') # Pass the 2 positional arguments and 2 keyword arguments (But, one of them was passed as like positional argument) save_ranking('alice', 'ming', 'mike', fourth='jim')

The function in the above code has two position parameters: first and second, and two keyword parameters: third and fourth. Position parameters cannot be omitted. All position parameters must be passed values according to their correct positions. However, for keyword parameters, you can set the default value when defining a function. If you omit the corresponding argument when calling a function, the default value will be used as the argument, that is, keyword parameters can be omitted.

As you can see, keyword parameters can be omitted, so they cannot be declared before unknown parameters. If parameters are declared in the following way, an exception will be thrown.

def save_ranking(first, second=None, third, fourth=None): ...

However, in the save [ranking ('Alice ',' Ming ',' mike ', fourth ='Jim') call, three position arguments and a keyword parameter are provided. Yes, for keyword parameters, you can also transfer values in the way of location parameters. The corresponding keywords can accept the data transferred by location. According to the call method here, 'mike' is automatically passed to third.

We have discussed the basic meaning of parameters above. From the above example, we can see that the function defined above cannot receive any number of parameters, because the parameters of the function are fixed. Therefore, the function needs to be modified to receive any parameter, whether position parameter or keyword parameter. See the following example:

Collect location parameters

def save_ranking(*args): print(args) save_ranking('ming', 'alice', 'tom', 'wilson', 'roy') # ('ming', 'alice', 'tom', 'wilson', 'roy')

Collect location and keyword parameters

def save_ranking(*args, **kwargs): print(args) print(kwargs) save_ranking('ming', 'alice', 'tom', fourth='wilson', fifth='roy') # ('ming', 'alice', 'tom') # {'fourth': 'wilson', 'fifth': 'roy'}

In the above example, * args means to collect any number of location parameters, * * kwargs means to collect any number of keyword parameters. Here * args and * * kwargs can be called packing.

As you can see, we have passed any number of parameters according to the position or keyword above. Parameters passed by location are collected into tuples and referenced by variable args; parameters passed by keyword are referenced by variable kwargs as dictionary type.

As mentioned earlier, keyword parameters cannot be written in front of position parameters. Therefore, the following definitions are wrong:

def save_ranking(**kwargs, *args): ...

Any number of parameters is very valuable. It can be seen in many open source projects. Generally, * args or * * kwargs are used as the name of collecting any parameter. Of course, you can use other names, such as * requested or * * optional. Just for open source projects, we are used to using * args and * * kwargs.

Unpacking

The asterisk can also be used to unpack the container, which is similar to the previous parameter collection. For example, there is a list, tuple or dictionary containing data, and a function to collect any parameter:

from functools import reduce primes = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13] def product(*numbers): p = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, numbers) return p product(*primes) # 30030 product(primes) # [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]

Because product() can take any parameter, we need to take out the elements in the list and pass them to this function. But here, if the primes list data is provided to the function in the way of * primes, the list referenced by primes will be unpacked, and each prime number in it will be passed to the function, and then it will be referenced with the variable numbers after collection. If you pass the list primes to a function, you cannot unpack it. There is only one primes list in the tuple referenced by numbers.

This is also true for tuples. For dictionaries, you need to use * * instead of *.

headers = { 'Accept': 'text/plain', 'Content-Length': 348, 'Host': 'http://mingrammer.com' } def pre_process(**headers): content_length = headers['Content-Length'] print('content length: ', content_length) host = headers['Host'] if 'https' not in host: raise ValueError('You must use SSL for http communication') pre_process(**headers) # content length: 348 # Traceback (most recent call last): # File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> # File "<stdin>", line 7, in pre_process # ValueError: You must use SSL for http communication

There are many ways to unpack, not even for functions, but to extract data from lists and tuples, and reference them with dynamic variables.

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] # The left side of unpacking should be list or tuple. *a, = numbers # a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] *a, b = numbers # a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] # b = 6 a, *b, = numbers # a = 1 # b = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] a, *b, c = numbers # a = 1 # b = [2, 3, 4, 5] # c = 6

In the above operation, it is explained that the data obtained from unpacking can be unpacked from the list or tuple respectively, and the corresponding value can be obtained. Then * A and * b are used to reference the unpacked data and package it as a list. This is the same concept as any number of parameters mentioned above.

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conclusion

The above briefly introduces the asterisk (*) in Python language. As an operator, it has many uses, especially in "collect parameters", which is very important. However, beginners are easy to be confused here, so if you are a beginner, please take a look at the above content carefully.

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