[OpenGL learning notes] computer graphics ③ - shader [GLSL Uniform color triangle color changing square]

Magic square ☁️

In the previous section, we drew a dark green triangle. In this section, we implement "code encapsulation" and draw color positive angles and color changing triangles.
Previous article address link: [OpenGL learning notes] computer graphics ② - [rendering pipeline vertex shader slice shader VAO VBO].

  ● color triangle on the left and color changing square on the right.

  ● basically, a shader is just a program that converts input into output. Shaders are also very independent programs because they cannot communicate with each other; The only communication between them is through input and output.

  ● shaders are written in a C-like language called GLSL (full name OpenGL Shading Language). GLSL is tailored for graphical computing and contains some useful features for vector and matrix operations.

  ● the shader always starts with a version declaration, followed by input and output variables, uniform and main functions. The entry point of each shader is the main function, in which we process all input variables and output the results to the output variables. Uniform will be explained later.

  ● the template of a typical shader is:

#version version_number in vector_type in_variable_name; out vector_type out_variable_name; uniform type uniform_name; void main() { // Process input and perform some graphical operations ... // Send the processed results to the output variable out_variable_name = Processed results; }

  ● the vector in GLSL is a container that can contain 1, 2, 3 or 4 components, and the component type can be any of the previous default basic types. They can be in the following form (n represents the number of components):

  ◆ we use "vec+n" most of the time, because float is enough to meet most requirements.

  ◆ the component of a vector can be obtained by vec.x, where x refers to the first component of the vector. We can use ". X,. y,. z and. w" respectively to obtain their first, second, third and fourth components. GLSL also allows you to use rgba for colors or stpq for texture coordinates to access the same components.

  ◆ take the chestnut of a slice shader: (environment VS2010)

  ● relationship between vertex shader and slice shader:
    generally, we first obtain the color at the input through the vertex shader as the vertex attribute, then transfer it to the slice shader for processing, and finally output it.

  ● although shaders are independent applets, they are all part of a whole. GLSL defines the in and out keywords specifically for this purpose. Each shader uses these two keywords to set the input and output, and as long as an output variable matches the input of the next shader stage, it will be passed on. But there is a difference between vertex and clip shaders.

  ● the vertex shader should receive a special form of input. The input of the vertex shader is special in that it receives input directly from vertex data. In order to define how vertex data should be managed, we use the metadata location to specify the input variables. Writing format: layout (location = 0). The vertex shader needs to provide an additional layout ID for its input so that we can link it to vertex data.

  ◆ for example, when rendering color triangles, our vertex shader (text file txt) is written as follows:

// The file name is "shader_v.txt" #version 330 core // Version 3.30 layout(location = 0) in vec3 position; // The property location value of the location variable is 0 layout(location = 1) in vec3 color; // The attribute position value of the color variable is 1 out vec3 ourColor; // Color output void main() { gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0f); // Core function (location information assignment) ourColor = color; }

  ● the other is the fragment shader, which requires a vec4 color output variable, because the fragment shader needs to generate a final output color.

  ● if we intend to send data from one shader to another, we must declare an output in the sender and a similar input in the receiver. When the type and name are the same, OpenGL will link the two variables together and send data between them (this is done when linking program objects). To show how this works, we will slightly change the shader in the previous tutorial to let the vertex shader determine the color for the fragment shader.

  ◆ for example, when rendering color triangles, our slice shader (text file txt) is written as follows:

// The file name is "shader_f.txt" #version 330 core // Version 3.30 in vec3 ourColor; // Input (3D) color vector out vec4 FragColor; // Output to a (4-dimensional) vector FragColor composed of four floating-point numbers void main() { FragColor = vec4(ourColor, 1.0f); // Core function (color information assignment) }

  ● the shaders mentioned above are single and independent. Now we want to create a shader class and combine them organically.

  ◆ the template of a typical shader class is as follows

#pragma once // To avoid the same header file being include d multiple times #include<string> #include<fstream> #include<sstream> #include<iostream> using namespace std; // Our own shader class Shader { private: GLuint vertex, fragment; // Vertex shader and slice shader public: GLuint Program; // The ID of the shader program // Constructor (shader constructor) Shader( const GLchar *vertexPath, const GLchar *fragmentPath ) // These are the paths of the vertex / fragment shader GLSL passed in by the main function { // Variable definition of file reading series ...... // Exception handling mechanism: ensure that ifstream objects can throw exceptions: ...... try { // Open file ...... // Read the buffered contents of the file into the data stream ...... // Turn off the file processor ...... // Convert data stream to string ...... } catch( ifstream::failure e ){ // Output in case of exception cout<<"ERROR::SHADER::FILE_NOT_SUCCESSFULLY_READ"<<endl; } /* Converts a string of type string to a char array type */ ...... /* Vertex Shader */ ...... /* Fragment Shader */ ...... /* Shader program */ ...... } // Deconstructor (destructor of shader) ~Shader() { glDetachShader(this->Program, vertex); glDetachShader(this->Program, fragment); glDeleteShader(vertex); glDeleteShader(fragment); glDeleteProgram(this->Program); } // Called when rendering void Use() { glUseProgram(this->Program); } };

  ● supplement to the details of the code: (this general shader is used for the color triangles and color changing squares to be rendered later)

#pragma once // To avoid the same header file being include d multiple times #include<string> #include<fstream> #include<sstream> #include<iostream> using namespace std; // Our own shader class Shader { private: GLuint vertex, fragment; // Vertex shader and slice shader public: GLuint Program; // The ID of the shader program // Constructor (shader constructor) Shader( const GLchar *vertexPath, const GLchar *fragmentPath ) { // Variable definition of file reading series string vertexCode; string fragmentCode; ifstream vShaderFile; ifstream fShaderFile; // Exception handling mechanism: ensure that ifstream objects can throw exceptions: vShaderFile.exceptions(ifstream::badbit); fShaderFile.exceptions(ifstream::badbit); try { // Open file vShaderFile.open(vertexPath); fShaderFile.open(fragmentPath); stringstream vShaderStream, fShaderStream; // Read the buffered contents of the file into the data stream vShaderStream << vShaderFile.rdbuf(); fShaderStream << fShaderFile.rdbuf(); // Turn off the file processor vShaderFile.close(); fShaderFile.close(); // Convert data stream to string vertexCode = vShaderStream.str(); fragmentCode = fShaderStream.str(); } catch( ifstream::failure e ){ // Output in case of exception cout<<"ERROR::SHADER::FILE_NOT_SUCCESSFULLY_READ"<<endl; } /* Converts a string of type string to a char array type */ const GLchar *vShaderCode = vertexCode.c_str(); const GLchar *fShaderCode = fragmentCode.c_str(); /* Vertex Shader */ vertex = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER); // Create vertex shader object glShaderSource(vertex, 1, &vShaderCode, NULL); // Pass in the contents of the vertex shader glCompileShader(vertex); // Compiling vertex shaders GLint flag; // Used to judge whether the compilation is successful GLchar infoLog[512]; glGetShaderiv(vertex, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &flag); // Get compilation status if( !flag ) { glGetShaderInfoLog(vertex, 512, NULL, infoLog); cout<<"ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n"<<infoLog<<endl; } /* Fragment Shader */ fragment = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER); // Create a slice shader object glShaderSource(fragment, 1, &fShaderCode, NULL); // Pass in the contents of the slice shader glCompileShader(fragment); // Compiling vertex shaders glGetShaderiv(fragment, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &flag); // Get compilation status if( !flag ) { glGetShaderInfoLog(fragment, 512, NULL, infoLog); cout<<"ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n"<<infoLog<<endl; } /* Shader program */ this->Program = glCreateProgram(); glAttachShader(this->Program, vertex); glAttachShader(this->Program, fragment); glLinkProgram(this->Program); if( !flag ) { glGetProgramInfoLog(this->Program, 512, NULL, infoLog); cout<<"ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n"<<infoLog<<endl; } // Delete shaders, they are already linked to our program and are no longer needed glDeleteShader(vertex); glDeleteShader(fragment); } // Deconstructor (destructor) ~Shader() { glDetachShader(this->Program, vertex); glDetachShader(this->Program, fragment); glDeleteShader(vertex); glDeleteShader(fragment); glDeleteProgram(this->Program); } void Use() { glUseProgram(this->Program); } };

  ● the conventional drawing process (output a triangle) is as follows:
    ◆ step 1: import the corresponding library
    ◆ step 2: write vertex position and color
    ◆ step 3: write vertex shader
    ◆ step 4: write slice shader (also known as fragment shader)
    ◆ step 5: write shader program
    ◆ step 6: set link vertex attributes
    ◆ step 7: set vertex buffer object (VBO) [usually appears together with the following VAO]
    ◆ step 8: set vertex array object (VAO) (also known as vertex array object)
    ◆ step 9: draw triangle

  ● however, because we have written the steps "step 2, step 3, step 4, step 5 and step 6" into the corresponding "Shader.h", "shader_v.txt" and "shader_f.txt" [as shown in the above figure] and have been encapsulated, we only need to write the remaining steps in the main function:

/* Import corresponding library */ #include <iostream> using namespace std; #define GLEW_STATIC #include <glew.h> #include <glfw3.h> #include "Shader.h" /* Write each vertex position and color */ GLfloat vertices_1[] = { // position // color 0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // Top vertex (red) -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // Left vertex (green) 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f // Right vertex (blue) }; const GLint WIDTH = 800, HEIGHT = 600; // Length and width of the window int main() { /* initialization */ glfwInit(); GLFWwindow* window_1 = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "A Beautiful Triangle", nullptr, nullptr); int screenWidth_1, screenHeight_1; glfwGetFramebufferSize(window_1, &screenWidth_1, &screenHeight_1); glfwMakeContextCurrent(window_1); glewInit(); /* Pass in the shader text we set ourselves */ Shader ourShader = Shader("shader_v.txt", "shader_f.txt"); // Relative path /* Set vertex buffer object (VBO) + set vertex array object (VAO) */ GLuint VAO, VBO; glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO); glGenBuffers(1, &VBO); glBindVertexArray(VAO); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices_1), vertices_1, GL_STATIC_DRAW); /* Set linked vertex attributes */ glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6*sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0); glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); // Channel 0 open glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6*sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(3*sizeof(GLfloat))); glEnableVertexAttribArray(1); // Channel 1 open // Draw loop draw loop while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window_1)) { glViewport(0, 0, screenWidth_1, screenHeight_1); glfwPollEvents(); glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); /* Step 9: draw triangle */ ourShader.Use(); // Graphics rendering glBindVertexArray(VAO); // Bind VAO glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3); // Draw a triangle 3 times from the 0 th vertex glBindVertexArray(0); // Unbind glfwSwapBuffers(window_1); } glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO); // Release resources glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO); glfwTerminate(); // end return 0; }

  ● operation results:

  ● if we want to draw a square, we can think of two triangles. EBO will be used at this time.

23 September 2021, 00:43 | Views: 7441