[worthy of collection] for beginners of python, summarize the common errors at the beginning + ten copies of Python Mini applet (with code)

What are the common mistakes in novice programming?

1. Basic mistakes that novices often make

Missing colon:

a=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] for i in range(0,len(a)) for j in range(i+1,len(a)): if a[j]<a[i]: a[i],a[j]=a[j],a[i] print(a)

Error tip: # syntax error: invalid syntax

2. Incorrect indent

For class definitions, function definitions, process control statements, exception handling statements, etc., the colon at the end of the line and the indentation of the next line represent the next line

The beginning of a code block, and the end of the indentation indicates the end of the code block. Code with the same indentation is considered a code block.

num = 2 if num < 5: print(num)

​

Error tip: # indent error: block to be indented

3. The symbol is Chinese

For example, colons and brackets are Chinese symbols.

for i in range(2,102): print(i)

Error message:

4. Wrong data type

Common, such as splicing different types of data.

name = 'xiaoming' age = 16 print(name+age)

Error message:

5. Misspelled variable or function name

6. Use keywords as file names, class names, function names, or variable names.

Class name, function name or variable name cannot use Python language keywords. The file name cannot conflict with the standard library.

Keywords of Python 3 are:

and, as, assert, break, class, continue, def, del, elif,else, except, False, finally, for, from, global, if, import, in, is, lambda,None, nonlocal, not, or, pass, raise, return, True, try, while, with, yield

Error:

7. "=" is used as "= ="

"=" is an assignment operator and "= =" is an equal to comparison operation, which is used for conditional judgment.

Error:

correct:

8. Missing argument self

Initialization function, instance function and instance variable need the default parameter self.

9. Variable undefined

Error message:

Code checklist:

The following is a simple code checklist. I hope it can be of some help to novices in programming. Just for reference, you can also summarize your own programming error prone points.

Attachment: novice entry applet try to write code?

These examples are very simple and practical, very suitable for beginners to practice. You can also try to construct your own according to the purpose and tips of the project

Build solutions and improve programming level.

1. Stone scissors paper game

Objective: to create a command line game in which players can choose between stones, scissors and cloth, and PK with the computer. If the player wins, he will score

Add until the end of the game, and the final score will be displayed to the player.

Tip: receive the player's selection and compare it with the computer's selection. The choice of the computer is randomly selected from the selection list. If the player gets

Win, add 1 point.

import random choices = ["Rock", "Paper", "Scissors"] computer = random.choice(choices) player = False cpu_score = 0 player_score = 0 while True: player = input("Rock, Paper or Scissors?").capitalize() # Judge the choice of players and computers if player == computer: print("Tie!") elif player == "Rock": if computer == "Paper": print("You lose!", computer, "covers", player) cpu_score+=1 else: print("You win!", player, "smashes", computer) player_score+=1 elif player == "Paper": if computer == "Scissors": print("You lose!", computer, "cut", player) cpu_score+=1 else: print("You win!", player, "covers", computer) player_score+=1 elif player == "Scissors": if computer == "Rock": print("You lose...", computer, "smashes", player) cpu_score+=1 else: print("You win!", player, "cut", computer) player_score+=1 elif player=='E': print("Final Scores:") print(f"CPU:") print(f"Plaer:") break else: print("That's not a valid play. Check your spelling!") computer = random.choice(choices)

2. Send mail automatically

Purpose: write a Python script that you can use to send e-mail.

Tip: the email library can be used to send e-mail.

import smtplib from email.message import EmailMessage email = EmailMessage() email['from'] = 'xyz name' email['to'] = 'xyz id' email['subject'] = 'xyz subject' email.set_content("Xyz content of email") with smtlib.SMTP(host='smtp.gmail.com',port=587)as smtp: ## sending request to server smtp.ehlo() smtp.starttls() smtp.login("email_id","Password") smtp.send_message(email) print("email send")

3. Hangman games

Objective: to create a simple command line hangman game.

Tip: create a list of password words and select a word at random. Now underline each word with "" to provide the user with the opportunity to guess the word. If the user guesses the word correctly, replace "" with a word.

import time import random name = input("What is your name? ") print ("Hello, " + name, "Time to play hangman!") time.sleep(1) print ("Start guessing...\n") time.sleep(0.5) ## A List Of Secret Words words = ['python','programming','treasure','creative','medium','horror'] word = random.choice(words) guesses = '' turns = 5 while turns > 0: failed = 0 for char in word: if char in guesses: print (char,end="") else: print ("_",end=""), failed += 1 if failed == 0: print ("\nYou won") break guess = input("\nguess a character:") guesses += guess if guess not in word: turns -= 1 print("\nWrong") print("\nYou have", + turns, 'more guesses') if turns == 0: print ("\nYou Lose")

4. Alarm clock

Purpose: write a Python script to create an alarm clock.

Tip: you can use the date time module to create an alarm clock and the playsound library to play sounds.

from datetime import datetime from playsound import playsound alarm_time = input("Enter the time of alarm to be set:HH:MM:SS\n") alarm_hour=alarm_time[0:2] alarm_minute=alarm_time[3:5] alarm_seconds=alarm_time[6:8] alarm_period = alarm_time[9:11].upper() print("Setting up alarm..") while True: now = datetime.now() current_hour = now.strftime("%I") current_minute = now.strftime("%M") current_seconds = now.strftime("%S") current_period = now.strftime("%p") if(alarm_period==current_period): if(alarm_hour==current_hour): if(alarm_minute==current_minute): if(alarm_seconds==current_seconds): print("Wake Up!") playsound('audio.mp3') ## download the alarm sound from link break

5. Guess the number

Objective: to write a Python game to guess the size.

Tip: you can use random to generate numbers.

# Guessing game man-machine battle import random target=random.randint(1,100) count=0 while True: guess=eval(input('Please enter a guess integer (1 to 100)')) count+=1 if guess>target: print('Guess big') elif guess<target: print('Guess it's small') else: print('You guessed right') break print('The number of guesses in this round is:',count)

6. Mathematical addition and subtraction

Objective: to write a Python game of mathematical calculation.

Tip: you can use random to generate numbers, add and subtract from each other, and you can enter the next level if you answer correctly.

from random import randint level=0 #Level 0 start while level<10: #When the level is less than level 10 a=randint(0,100) #Randomly generate two digit integers b=randint(0,100) c=input(f"+=") c=int(c) if c==a+b: #The calculation result is correct level+=1 #Level plus 1 print(f"That's right! Now the level isLevel, you will win when you reach level 10!") else: #Calculation result error level-=1 print(f"Wrong answer! Now the level is,If you reach level 10, you will win! make persistent efforts!") print(f"Successfully reached level 10! Challenge success! awesome!") #Subtraction breakthrough game, to transform the above program, you need to pay attention to the comparison of two numbers before subtraction to avoid negative numbers. from random import randint level=0 #Level 0 start while level<10: #When the level is less than level 10 a=randint(0,100) #Randomly generate two digit integers b=randint(0,100) if a>=b: c=input(f"-=") c=int(c) if c==a+b: #The calculation result is correct level+=1 #Level plus 1 print(f"That's right! Now the level isLevel, you will win when you reach level 10!") else: #Calculation result error level-=1 print(f"Wrong answer! Now the level is,If you reach level 10, you will win! make persistent efforts!") print(f"Successfully reached level 10! Challenge success! awesome!")

7. Guess words

Objective: to write a Python game of English word filling.

Tip: you can use random to generate an English word. You can answer it correctly!

import random # List of stored words (you can fill in the words you need to recite by yourself) words = ["print", "int", "str", "len", "input", "format", "if","for","def"] #Initialization information ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓ def init(): # Declare three global variables global word global tips global ranList #Randomly get a word in the word list word = list(words[random.randint(0, len(words) - 1)]) #Random number list, which stores random numbers consistent with the length of words (no repetition) ranList = random.sample(range(0, len(word)), len(word)) #Store prompt information tips = list() #Initialization prompt #Store underscores that match the length of the word for i in range(len(word)): tips.append("_") #Random prompt two letters tips[ranList[0]] = word[ranList[0]] tips[ranList[1]] = word[ranList[1]] #Function part ↓↓↓↓↓ #Display menu def showMenu(): print("Please enter if prompted'?'") print("End the game, please enter'quit!'") #Display prompt information def showtips(): for i in tips: print(i, end=" ") print() #Need prompt def needTips(tipsSize): #There are at least two unknown letters if tipsSize <= len(word)-3: tips[ranList[tipsSize]] = word[ranList[tipsSize]] tipsSize += 1 return tipsSize else: print("There is no prompt!") #Main operation functions ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓ def run(): print("------python Keyword version-------") init() tipsSize = 2 showMenu() while True: print("Tips:",end="") showtips() guessWord = input("Guess the word:") # ''. Join (word) > converts the contents of the word list into a string if guessWord == ''.join(word): print("Congratulations, you guessed right! namely%s!"%(''.join(word))) print("Guess again") init() elif guessWord == '?': tipsSize = needTips(tipsSize) elif guessWord == 'quit!': break else: print("Wrong guess!") continue run()

8. Face detection

Objective: to write a Python script that can detect faces in images and save all faces in a folder.

Tip: haar cascade classifier can be used to detect face. The face coordinate information it returns can be saved in a file.

import cv2 # Load the cascade face_cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier('haarcascade_frontalface_default.xml') # Read the input image img = cv2.imread('images/img0.jpg') # Convert into grayscale gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY) # Detect faces faces = face_cascade.detectMultiScale(gray, 1.3, 4) # Draw rectangle around the faces for (x, y, w, h) in faces: cv2.rectangle(img, (x, y), (x+w, y+h), (255, 0, 0), 2) crop_face = img[y:y + h, x:x + w] cv2.imwrite(str(w) + str(h) + '_faces.jpg', crop_face) # Display the output cv2.imshow('img', img) cv2.imshow("imgcropped",crop_face) cv2.waitKey()

9. Keyboard recorder

Purpose: write a Python script to save all the keys pressed by the user in a text file.

Tip: pynput is a library in Python. It is used to control the movement of keyboard and mouse. It can also be used to make keyboard recorder. Simply read user press

And save a certain number of keys in a text file.

from pynput.keyboard import Key, Controller,Listener import time keyboard = Controller() keys=[] def on_press(key): global keys #keys.append(str(key).replace("'","")) string = str(key).replace("'","") keys.append(string) main_string = "".join(keys) print(main_string) if len(main_string)>15: with open('keys.txt', 'a') as f: f.write(main_string) keys= [] def on_release(key): if key == Key.esc: return False with listener(on_press=on_press,on_release=on_release) as listener: listener.join()

10. Short URL generator

Purpose: write a Python script to shorten a given URL using the API.

from __future__ import with_statement import contextlib try: from urllib.parse import urlencode except ImportError: from urllib import urlencode try: from urllib.request import urlopen except ImportError: from urllib2 import urlopen import sys def make_tiny(url): request_url = ('http://tinyurl.com/api-create.php?' + urlencode({'url':url})) with contextlib.closing(urlopen(request_url)) as response: return response.read().decode('utf-8') def main(): for tinyurl in map(make_tiny, sys.argv[1:]): print(tinyurl) if __name__ == '__main__': main() -----------------------------OUTPUT------------------------ python url_shortener.py https://www.wikipedia.org/ https://tinyurl.com/buf3qt3

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